《安靜,就是力量》指出,內向者本來有的天賦,確實就能讓創造力發揮到極限。但是在美國外向的社會上,尤其是強調領袖魅力的情況下,內向者的能力卻容易被誤導或忽視。蘇珊.坎恩很肯定地指出,甚至在許多情況下,內向者的沉穩與耐心,反而能能強悍又沉穩地解決各種棘手的問題。蘇珊.坎恩也指出,能言善道者易被賦予過多的權力以致讓許多口才好的人處理超出能力的工作。她表示,華爾街的金融風暴顯然是極為外向的投機者一衝再衝而闖的禍。她並非臆測而已,她也舉了不少實例指出沉穩的投資者如巴菲特(Warren E. Buffett,1930-)等企業家就是個性內向者。她甚至還舉了聖雄甘地(Mahatma Gandhi,1869-1948)、愛蓮娜·羅斯福(A. Eleanor Roosevelt,1884-1962)和羅莎·帕克斯(Rosa L. M. Parks,1913-2005)為例說明為何內向者不僅也能夠成為政治家和社會運動家,而且還更具有深遠的影響力。
不僅是人類,連動物也有內外向之分,一位研究動物內外向有名的行為生態學家Andy Sih就在我博士班的母校UC Davis任教,是我們學校唯一教生態演化的華裔(The New York Times: The Animal Self)。當時他問了我們班上同學(只有九位)內外向的個性,依稀記得只有我和另一位老美同學舉手吧。他研究了魚類和昆蟲,都發現有內外向之分。《安靜,就是力量》一書也提到,在溪流上游無天敵之處,孔雀魚以外向居多,可是在把它們放到下游有天敵之處,隔了幾年內向就成了主流。我在美國領養的兩隻貓,雖是姐妹,但是一隻極外向,最愛被我學弟虐待,另外一隻卻非常內向,只要在家裡開趴就躲起衣櫃內。在台灣養的兩隻貓,也是一隻人來瘋,另一隻見到生人就沒命似地躲起來。家裡兄弟個性也不一,我老大是內向、老二是很外向、老三是很內向、小妹是超外向。
其實我在讀《安靜,就是力量》就愈讀愈困惑,因為照理說我是個敏感的內向者,可是為何後來又變得公認的外向者,可是又有一堆地方和真正的外向者不符,但是也愈來愈不像內向者啊,讀著讀著就愈來愈迷糊。一直讀到了第九章才拔雲見日地恍然大悟!那章介紹到一位前哈佛心理學家,現任英國劍橋大學教授的布萊恩.利托(Brian Little),他在哈佛大學任教時是3M卓越教學獎(3M National Teaching Fellowships)得主,他在哈佛的課不僅爆滿還常常贏得如雷掌聲,也是用心指導學生的好老師。可是他內心卻和我一樣是位內向害羞者,每次他受邀去演講完總要給自己獨處休息的時間甚至寧可躲到厠所去當避風港也不願受邀用餐,我大部分時間晚餐都一個人用,也算是一整天接觸眾人後的避風港休息吧。
從前中學時因為文筆不錯,有一年被老師推出當班上的演講比賽代表,只是上了台只差沒尿褲子。剛好我碩士班導師李家維老師和博士班導師Artyom Kopp,還有當研究助理時的老闆丁照棣老師和曹順成老師,全都是風格各異的一流演講者!他們只要到了台上,不管什麼主題都能妙語如珠,我只要偷偷向他們各學一點皮毛,都夠我非常受用了!所以儘管上台是非常令人緊張的,不過我都把上台演講當作是表演,把自己認定成演員,一個優秀的演員只能演符合自己個性的角色嗎?後來還發現自己教學的才能和熱情,如果台灣有一流的教學型大學或文理學院(Liberal Arts College),博班一畢業我就直接去申請了XD
這根據《紐約時報》(The New York Times)的這篇文章(The Self-Destruction of the 1 Percent)指出,就算是2008的金融海嘯讓前1%的富人財富縮水,可是從2009-2010年的復甦中,前1%的富人也硬生生把93%的成長搶走,其中前0.01%的富人分到了成長的37%。
1) Jevning R, Wallace RK, Beidebach M. The physiology of meditation: a review. A wakeful hypometabolic integrated response. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1992 Fall;16(3):415-24.
2) Cahn BR, Polich J. Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychol Bull. 2006 Mar;132(2):180-211.
3) Walsh R, Shapiro SL. The meeting of meditative disciplines and Western psychology: a mutually enriching dialogue. Am Psychol. 2006 Apr;61(3):227-39.
4) Jha AP, Krompinger J, Baime MJ. Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2007 Jun;7(2):109-19.
5) Brefczynski-Lewis JA, Lutz A, Schaefer HS, Levinson DB, Davidson RJ. Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 3;104(27):11483-8. Epub 2007 Jun 27.
6) Slagter HA, Lutz A, Greischar LL, Francis AD, Nieuwenhuis S, Davis JM, Davidson RJ. Mental training affects distribution of limited brain resources. PLoS Biol. 2007 Jun;5(6):e138.
7) Chan D, Woollacott M. Effects of level of meditation experience on attentional focus: is the efficiency of executive or orientation networks improved? J Altern Complement Med. 2007 Jul-Aug;13(6):651-7.
8) Tang YY, Ma Y, Wang J, Fan Y, Feng S, Lu Q, Yu Q, Sui D, Rothbart MK, Fan M, Posner MI. Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 23;104(43):17152-6. Epub 2007 Oct 11.
9) Lutz A, Slagter HA, Dunne JD, Davidson RJ. Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2008 Apr;12(4):163-9. Epub 2008 Mar 10.
10) Kozhevnikov M, Louchakova O, Josipovic Z, Motes MA. The enhancement of visuospatial processing efficiency through Buddhist Deity meditation. Psychol Sci. 2009 May;20(5):645-53.
11) van Leeuwen S, Müller NG, Melloni L. Age effects on attentional blink performance in meditation. Conscious Cogn. 2009 Sep;18(3):593-9. Epub 2009 Jun 9.
12) Raffone A, Srinivasan N. The exploration of meditation in the neuroscience of attention and consciousness. Cogn Process. 2010 Feb;11(1):1-7. Epub 2009 Dec 30.
13) Manna A, Raffone A, Perrucci MG, Nardo D, Ferretti A, Tartaro A, Londei A, Del Gratta C, Belardinelli MO, Romani GL. Neural correlates of focused attention and cognitive monitoring in meditation. Brain Res Bull. 2010 Apr 29;82(1-2):46-56. Epub 2010 Mar 16.
14) MacLean KA, Ferrer E, Aichele SR, Bridwell DA, Zanesco AP, Jacobs TL, King BG, Rosenberg EL, Sahdra BK, Shaver PR, Wallace BA, Mangun GR, Saron CD. Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention. Psychol Sci. 2010 Jun;21(6):829-39. Epub 2010 May 11.
15) Hodgins HS, Adair KC. Attentional processes and meditation. Conscious Cogn. 2010 Dec;19(4):872-8. Epub 2010 Apr 28.
16) Prakash R, Dubey I, Abhishek P, Gupta SK, Rastogi P, Siddiqui SV. Long-term Vihangam Yoga meditation and scores on tests of attention. Percept Mot Skills. 2010 Jun;110(3 Pt 2):1139-48.
17) Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Diamond BJ, David Z, Goolkasian P. Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training. Conscious Cogn. 2010 Jun;19(2):597-605. Epub 2010 Apr 3.
18) MacLean KA, Ferrer E, Aichele SR, Bridwell DA, Zanesco AP, Jacobs TL, King BG, Rosenberg EL, Sahdra BK, Shaver PR, Wallace BA, Mangun GR, Saron CD. Intensive meditation training improves perceptual discrimination and sustained attention. Psychol Sci. 2010 Jun;21(6):829-39. Epub 2010 May 11.
19) Kozasa EH, Sato JR, Lacerda SS, Barreiros MA, Radvany J, Russell TA, Sanches LG, Mello LE, Amaro E Jr. Meditation training increases brain efficiency in an attention task. Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 2;59(1):745-9. Epub 2011 Jul 7.
20) "Meditation as Medicine", Amy Paturel M.S., M.P.H, online at http://journals.lww.com/neurologynow/Fulltext/2012/08040/Meditation_as_Medicine.9.aspx
21) Lazar SW, Kerr CE, Wasserman RH, Gray JR, Greve DN, Treadway MT, McGarvey M, Quinn BT, Dusek JA, Benson H, Rauch SL, Moore CI, Fischl B. Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. Neuroreport. 2005 Nov 28;16(17):1893-7.
22) Hölzel BK, Ott U, Hempel H, Hackl A, Wolf K, Stark R, Vaitl D. Differential engagement of anterior cingulate and adjacent medial frontal cortex in adept meditators and non-meditators. Neurosci Lett. 2007 Jun 21;421(1):16-21. Epub 2007 May 25.
23) Hölzel BK, Ott U, Gard T, Hempel H, Weygandt M, Morgen K, Vaitl D. Investigation of mindfulness meditation practitioners with voxel-based morphometry. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2008 Mar;3(1):55-61. Epub 2007 Dec 3.
24) Vestergaard-Poulsen P, van Beek M, Skewes J, Bjarkam CR, Stubberup M, Bertelsen J, Roepstorff A. Long-term meditation is associated with increased gray matter density in the brain stem. Neuroreport. 2009 Jan 28;20(2):170-4.
25) Grant JA, Courtemanche J, Duerden EG, Duncan GH, Rainville P. Cortical thickness and pain sensitivity in zen meditators. Emotion. 2010 Feb;10(1):43-53.
26) Jang JH, Jung WH, Kang DH, Byun MS, Kwon SJ, Choi CH, Kwon JS. Increased default mode network connectivity associated with meditation. Neurosci Lett. 2011 Jan 10;487(3):358-62. Epub 2010 Oct 27.
27) Hölzel BK, Carmody J, Vangel M, Congleton C, Yerramsetti SM, Gard T, Lazar SW. Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density. Psychiatry Res. 2011 Jan 30;191(1):36-43. Epub 2010 Nov 10.
鬍鬚張敗在經理人書讀太少,有本好書《誰說人是理性的!》(Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Force That Shape Our Decisions)指出,人們接受物品的價格,也是不理性的,而會依據所謂的定錨效應。也就是說,當我們遇到新產品時,會受到一開始所看到的價格(初始價格)所影響,甚至影響我們未來對其他相關產品所決定願意支付的價格,這就是「任意連貫性」。這個稱之為定錨點(anchor)的初始價格,甚至還可以是是任意決定的。(請參見〈蝦米!誰說人是理性的!?〉和〈別當正常的傻瓜了吧!〉)